The main purpose of this study was to investigate experts’ perceptions of barriers to organic farming in Ministry of Agriculture. The population of this survey consisted of the experts in department of horticultural products, ministry of agriculture in 2008-2009 (N=160). Using Of Kerejcie and Morgan table, 113 experts were selected through stratified random sampling method. Validity of the instrument was confirmed by a panel of extension and education specialists, horticulture specialists and also organic farming specialists in Jihad-e-Agriculture ministry. The reliability was calculated using Coronbach’s Alpha (0.79 to 0.84).The findings showed that from experts’ viewpoint, among the three barriers (i.e. economic, cognitive and perception, and information), economic barrier is the most important one. Also, economic barriers have a positive and significant relationship with experts' perception of organic farming development.

Little is known about how Persian Wikipedians are attracted to Wikipedia or discouraged contributing to it. This paper attempts to bridge this gap. A sample of 15 active users of Fa.Wikipedia was selected in a non-random fashion according to availability and convenience of the users.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 2 methods: face to face interview and email interview. Strauss and Corbin’s method was used for coding the collected data. After analyzing the data, 4 grounds namely editing incentive, writing incentive, stimulant and deterrent motivations were extracted. Findings indicate that lots of motivations can affect Wikipedian’s collaboration. We divided these FACTORs into internal and external motivations.Internal motivations could be individual or cognitive motivations or related to Wikipedia structure. Besides, some FACTORs like permanent access to the Internet can be considered as external motivations. After extracting the motivations of collaboration, we extracted stimulant and deterrent motivations. Analysis of the data shows content production and enrichment of Fa.Wikipedia is the strongest reason for contributing to this project. In contrast, entertainment is considered as the weakest motivation. Conversely, the feedback from other users can be the strongest motivation that simulates users to stay in Wikipedia and continue their contribution. On the other hand, internal and external challenges that Fa.Wikipedia is exposed to are effective enough to influence the contribution of Persian Wikipedians. In addition to improvement of the Fa.Wikipedia status, identifying the motivations and challenges can have a great role in improvement and expansion of Persian Web content too.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the FACTOR structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory FACTOR analysis showed that there are two FACTORs "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory FACTOR analysis. Altogether results of this research showed FACTOR validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two FACTOR pattern

INTRODUCTION: To gain benefit from women's talents and abilities in line with making maximum use of our human resources entails accurate and scientific study of their activities. Since half of the population of transitional society's lives in rural areas, and women make up one half of rural populations; one way of achieving these human resources is to study their economic activities in various arenas (Lahsay Zadeh, et al.2006: 125). Studies and observations on rural women participation imply that rural women enjoying experience and local knowledge in production of food products play an important role in the agriculture. Besides, the majority of self-sustaining farmers of the world are women who account for 50 to 60 percent of food of the world.According to Census of 2006, the rural women's share in employment is about 13 percent. But the undeniable fact is that on average about 40 percent of the labor force in agricultural activities are supplied by rural women. However, the rural sociology has overlooked the role and contributions of rural women. Ignoring the contribution of Iranian rural women in the economic activities of a family, as well as in value-added products of the agricultural sector, has caused not to take into account the value of their labor in the national evaluations. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the extent of participation of rural women in agricultural activities in Fereidoonshahr County...

One of the important and fundamental issues on reviving encouraging good and DISCOURAGING bad in the community is the examination and analysis of non- acceptance of encouraging good and DISCOURAGING bad. The pathology of encouraging good and DISCOURAGING bad report card reveals the weaknesses and obstacles of acceptability. There are two free-willed things which correspond and have relation.it is necessary to be acquainted with possible and contingent being characteristics in personality and conducts and discourses of those who implement and are ordered for analyzing and exploring the problems and challenges of acceptance and acceptability of enjoining good and forbidding bad in society. It is used personal experiences and cognitional evaluations and opinions of secretaries and members of councils of enjoining good and forbidding bad in training workshops and courses in this research. This research with individual studies of Islamic jurisprudential and hadith books in the field of encouraging good and DISCOURAGING bad with descriptive- analytic method with regarding sources about these two obligations has been conducted. The aim is to familiarity with and determining the reasons of non- acceptance of enjoining good and forbidding bad in the community and providing background in order to remove them. It is good to explore and survey the causes of non- acceptance of encouraging good and DISCOURAGING bad in two sections, those relate to persons who implement and those relate to addressee. In this note the general reasons and reasons relate to those who implement encouraging good and DISCOURAGING bad are investigated.

Background and Objective: Despite rapid progresses in field of proflactive and treatment measures as well as controlling disease, and their positive effects on human societies, human are still suffering from many crisis due to lack of following prophet's teaching and morality. These crisises has profound effects on human health and spirit.The main FACTOR to avoid such critical condition. is to return to the teachings of prophets and mainly islam. The present article tries to describe the effects of so called "encouragement of good behavious and discouragement of bad or immoral behavious" on providing healthy and happy environments for the society.Materials and Methods: The research method in this study is descriptive and is based on historical and religious sources with priority to Quran and divine tradition. It also analyzes effects of this prophet teaching at the certain period of Islamic history in which prople and the government had practiced it.Results: One significant FACTOR in providing the healthy spirit and physique in a society, is to pay attention to the basic principle of practicing good behavious and avoiding immoral acts at individual and governmental dimensions. The proof to this claim is supervisory institution "Hesbah"; the governmental section of this rule and the great effect in stabilization of Islamic civilization in the context of social and sanitational Health.Conclusion: To be protected from the critical physical and spiritual diseases derived from materialistic civilization of present age, there is no other way than to restore to the moral teachings of Divine prophets and healthy human relationships. One of the most important teachings in this contexts is the Divine rule of encouragement of good behaviouse and discouragement of immoral behavious which Quran has expressed it with certain conventions and has considered them as the basic principle of social security and health in every aspects of human society.